- Ground Penetrating Radar (based on Electromagnetic Field),
- Ultrasonic Tomography (based on the propagation of ultrasonic wave),
- Electrical Resistivity, and Half-Cell Corrosion Mapping (based Electrical and Electrochemical properties), and X-Ray
- structure inspection and condition survey of existing buildings,
- locate steel rebar in slabs and walls,
- locate defects such as voids and discontinuities in concrete slab on grades
- locate live conduits ahead of coring and drilling
- Corrosion inspection and monitoring
- Locate steel reinforcement in concrete elements
- determine rebar location and spacing
- estimate concrete cover thickness
- Locate live conduits and pipes
- Identify major voids and discontinuities in concrete slabs
- Inspection of tunnel lining
- GPR scans do not provide information on the mechanical properties of concrete (i.e. concrete strength)
- GPR scans do not provide information on the corrosion condition of steel bars
- Estimate the thickness of concrete elements (thin elements through mid-range thickness)
- Detect internal voids and flaws.
- Detect shallow depth cracking and delamination
- Concrete scanning using tomography or UPE requires small spacing, making it time-consuming for scanning large areas.
- Testing on rough concrete surface might be challenging (sensor-concrete coupling)
- Since this technology is using high energy X-Rays, usually a clearance is needed before conducting the test. This means that a clear distance of approximately 15m to 25 m should be observed for the purpose of testing. Most of X-Ray imaging projects are scheduled for night shifts, or after-hours, to reduce the cost and efforts needed for preparing safe clearance, and conducting test.
- X-Ray attenuates as it travels through concrete; therefore, it is strongly recommended to limit the scan depth to appx 200 mm or thinner elements.
- The test results should be processed and interpreted by an experienced technician to map the images on the concrete slab.
- Another limitation of the method is that it does not provide information about the depth of sub-surface targets.
- Evaluating the likelihood of corrosion in concrete elements;
- Evaluate the effectiveness of concrete repair
- The test cannot be performed over asphalt toppings;
- The test is sensitive to concrete humidity, and temperature
- The test cannot be performed on elements with epoxy-coated rebar
- Detect major voids and internal defects in mass concrete elements (i.e. dams, mass foundation blocks, etc.)
- Identify weak locations (correlating-indirect- wave velocity to concrete strength)
Concrete Imaging and Scanning are used to assess the location and extent of sub-surface defects. Different non-destructive test methods have been developed and used over the past few decades. The following article briefly describes some of these methods, and their application in the structure inspection and structural condition assessment.
What is Concrete Imaging and Scanning?
Concrete Imaging and Scanning is generally referred to a group of non-destructive tests (NDT) that can locate, and quantify sub-surface anomalies and defects (targets). Several Imaging and Scanning technologies have been developed over the past few decades:
Moreover, the underlying physics of ultrasonic and electromagnetic wave propagation in solids have been developed to address certain challenges in special structures, such as mass concrete dams, and foundations.
Why Do We Need Concrete Scanning?
Concrete scanning might become necessary in different situations:
NDT Methods for Concrete Imaging and Scanning
Different non-destructive testing methods have been developed for concrete imaging and scanning. In this article, we will review some of the most famous NDT methods for concrete imaging and scanning.
Ground Penetrating Radar for Locating steel rebar and live conduits, and major voids in concrete slab-on-grade
1. Ground Penetrating Radar – GPR
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a widely used non-destructive method for scanning concrete. GPR uses pulsed electromagnetic radiation to scan concrete. GPR consists of a transmitter antenna and a receiver antenna, and a signal processing unit. GPR emits electromagnetic pulses (radar pulses) with specific central frequency to scan the subsurface medium. The reflected waves from subsurface layers, and objects are captured by the receiver antenna.
Applications and Use
Ground Penetrating Radar provides a cost-effective approach for scanning large areas. GPR scans can be performed at traffic speed (ideal for large areas, such as bridge deck scanning).
Limitations of Use
Ultrasonic Tomography (MIRA) scanning of a concrete bridge deck to determine thickness, and locating delamination
2. Ultrasonic Tomography – Pulse Echo
Ultrasonic Tomography can be used for scanning sub-surface voids and defects in concrete. Tomography uses ultrasonic shear waves to study multilayer properties of concrete.
The concept behind this method relies on the propagation of stress waves through materials. A transmitter introduces a stress pulse into the object at an accessible surface. The pulse propagates into the test object and is reflected at the interface of internal targets (air voids, steel bars, boundaries). The emitted impulse and the reflected acoustic waves are monitored at the receiving transducer. Mathematical solvers are used to reconstruct the location and extent of internal anomalies.
Applications and Use
Tomography and Ultrasonic Pulse Echo (UPE) provide an effective method in evaluating concrete defects:
Limitations of Use
Concrete X-Ray might be a viable option in heavily reinforced thin concrete members
3. X-Ray Scanning of Concrete
X-Ray imagining in concrete is very similar to X-Rays that is used in imaging laboratories. Concrete scanning and imaging using X-ray can be done using conventional methods, or the digital medium. The major difference is how they process the image. The X-Ray scan can be used to locate steel bars in heavily reinforced elements.
Limitations of Use
Half-Cell Corrosion Potential Mapping - Identify locations with higher likelihood of corrosion
4. Half-Cell Corrosion Potential Mapping
Half Cell corrosion mapping is an effective method for assessing the likelihood of corrosion activity in concrete structures. Half-Cell test works based on measuring the potential difference (electrochemical) of an arbitrary point on the concrete surface and a standard portable half-cell, typically a Cu/CuSO4 (CSE) standard reference electrode. The test is usually performed on a systematic grid, and measurements are often displayed as spatial distribution (2D contour maps) of potential value.
Applications and Use
Limitations of Use
Seismic Tomography for scanning mass concrete elements
5. Seismic Tomography for Mass Concrete
Seismic tomography is a special test setup based on the very concept of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. In this method, an array of multiple receiving transducers are placed and fixed in the test locations, while the sending transducer is moved along a systematic grid. The pulse generated by transmitter are received by receiving transducers. The pulse velocity at each trajectory is measured. The results are demonstrated in a 2D or 3D seismic tomography contour maps that shows the condition of concrete element. Seismic tomography is ideal for testing the large scale concrete elements.
Applications and Use
